La taxonomía en méxico durante el siglo XX

In this work the development of the taxonomy in Mexico is presented. A short description of the theoretical background needed for this project, which includes historiography research of the science, historiography of the taxonomy and of science in Mexico and the taxonomy history with a theoretical-methodological and institutional point of view, is given

Exploring Topological Environments

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) addresses the task of incrementally building a map of the environment with a robot while simultaneously localizing the robot relative to that map. SLAM is generally regarded as one of the most important problems in the pursuit of building truly autonomous mobile robots. This thesis considers the SLAM problem within a topological framework, in which the world and its representation are modelled as a graph. A topological framework provides a useful model within which to explore fundamental limits to exploration and mapping. Given a topological world, it is not, in general, possible to map the world deterministically without resorting to some type of marking aids. Early work demonstrated that a single movable marker was sufficient but is this necessary? This thesis shows that deterministic mapping is possible if both explicit place and back-link information exist in one vertex. Such 'directional lighthouse' information can be established in a number of ways including through the addition of a simple directional immovable marker to the environment. This thesis also explores non-deterministic approaches that map the world with less marking information. The algorithms are evaluated through performance analysis and experimental validation. Furthermore, the basic sensing and locomotion assumptions that underlie these algorithms are evaluated using a differential drive robot and an autonomous visual sensor

Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) de la Sierra Nevada, México

Se realizó un estudio sobre la distribución local, altitudinal y por comunidad vegetacional de las mariposas de la superfamilia Papilionoidea en 37 localidades de las cuatro entidades que comprende la Sierra Nevada. El área se encuentra entre los 1900 y los 3800 msnm y presenta las siguientes comunidades vegetacionales: bosque mesófilo de montaña, de oyamel, Alnus, encino, encino-pino, pino, pino-encino, bosque caducifolio, selva bajacaducifolia-bosque mesófilo de montaña, vegetación perturbada y cultivos. En este trabajo se registraron 75 especies, de las cuales 34 son nuevos registros para el área. Se integró una relación actualizada de 85 especies con base en la literatura y en los registros obtenidos en el trabajo de campo. El mayor número de especies correspondió a la familia Nymphalidae. En el análisis espacial de los papilionoideos se encontró que la mayor riqueza y abundancia ocurrió en la localidad de Santa Catarina, en el Estado de México. Se observó que aunque la riqueza específica entre la vertiente occidental y la oriental fue la misma (58 especies), su composición faunística es distinta. Con respecto a la distribución por vegetación, se encontró que en la vertiente oriental lasespecies de Papilionoidea mostraron los valores más altos y que el bosque mesófilo de montaña y el de encino fueron las comunidades más ricas y abundantes de las 11 reconocidas en el estudio.The local, altitudinal and vegetational distributions of the superfamily Papilionoidea were studied in 37 localities of the Sierra Nevada. Estimate richness was of 91 species, using species accumulation curves. As a result of this work 75 species were found, 34 of which were new records for the area. An updated species list (85 taxa) was elaborated adding reports of previous works. The Nymphalidae had the greatest number of species. The spatial analysis of the Papilionoidea showed that the highest richness and abundance occurred in the locality of Santa Catarina, México State. In spite of the similarities of the specific richness between occidental and oriental slopes, their faunistic composition were different. The species of the Papilionoidea were greatest in the oriental slope, and the cloud and Quercus forest have the highest value in richness and abundance among the 11 vegetational communities recognize

MEXICAN BIOGEOGRAPHIC PROVINCES: PRELIMINARY SCHEME, GENERAL CHARACTERIZATIONS, AND SYNONYMIES

Although the biogeographic schemes proposed for Mexico are based on different criteria (geographic, paleontological, faunistic or floristic), their authors implicitly acknowledge that the units recognized actually represent historical entities. The development of panbiogeography and cladistic biogeography has challenged traditional classifications, by showing that some of these biogeographic units did not represent natural units. Furthermore, there have been attempts to construct ecogeographic systems, based on the assumption that biotic and abiotic factors constraint species distributions within definite areas. By synthesizing both biogeographic and ecological systems, we propose a new scheme for Mexico, where we recognize the following 14 provinces: California (northern portion of the Baja California peninsula, from Sierras of San Pedro Mártir and Juárez, extending northward along the Sierra Nevada into southwestern USA), Baja California (Baja California peninsula), Sonora (coastal areas in northwestern Mexico, from the northeastern portion of the Baja California peninsula to the Piaxtla river basin in southern Sinaloa), Mexican Plateau (central Mexico, in the states of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, and Nuevo Mexico, as well as small parts of Nuevo León, and Sonora, below 4,000 m altitude), Tamaulipas (coastal areas in the northern part of the Mexican Gulf, north of the Pánuco river basin), Sierra Madre Occidental (western Mexico, in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and Jalisco, above 1,000 m altitude), Sierra Madre Oriental (eastern Mexico, in the states of San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Coahuila, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Veracruz, Puebla, and Querétaro, above 1,500 m altitude), Transmexican Volcanic Belt (central Mexico, in the states of Guanajuato, Mexico, Distrito Federal, Jalisco, Michoacán, Puebla, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz), Balsas Basin (central Mexico, in the states of Guerrero, Mexico, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, and Puebla, below 2,000 m altitude), Sierra Madre del Sur (south central Mexico, from southern Michoacán to Guerrero and Oaxaca, and part of Puebla, above 1,000 m altitude), Mexican Gulf (coast of the Mexican Gulf, in eastern Mexico, Belize, and northern Guatemala), Mexican Pacific Coast (western Mexico, in the Pacific coast of the states of Sinaloa, Nayarit, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas), Yucatán Peninsula (Yucatán peninsula, in the states of Campeche, Yucatán, and Quintana Roo, below 200 m altitude), and Chiapas (southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, basically corresponding to the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, from 500 to 2,000 m altitude).A pesar de que los esquemas biogeográficos propuestos para México se basan en diferentes criterios (geográficos, paleontológicos, faunísticos o florísticos), sus autores implícitamente asumen que las unidades reconocidas representan entidades históricas. El desarrollo de la panbiogeografía y la biogeografía cladística ha cuestionado estas clasificaciones tradicionales, al mostrar que algunas de estas unidades biogeográficas no representaban unidades naturales. Más aún, ha habido intentos para construir sistemas ecogeográficos, basados en el supuesto que los factores bióticos y abióticos constriñen las distribuciones de las especies dentro de áreas definidas. Aquí proponemos un nuevo esquema para México, al sintetizar ambos sistemas biogeográfico y ecológico, de acuerdo con el cual reconocemos las siguientes 14 provincias: California (porción norte de la península de Baja California, desde las Sierras de San Pedro Mártir y Juárez, extendiéndose hacia el norte a lo largo de la Sierra Nevada en el sudoeste de los Estados Unidos), Baja California (península de Baja California), Sonora(áreas costeras del noroeste de México, desde la porción noreste de la península de Baja California hasta la cuenca del río Piaxtla en el sur de Sinaloa), Altiplano Mexicano (centro de México, en los estados de Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango y Nuevo Mexico, así como pequeñas partes de Nuevo León y Sonora, debajo de los 4,000 m de altitud), Tamaulipas (áreas costeras en la parte norte del Golfo de México, al norte de la cuenca del río Pánuco), Sierra Madre Occidental (oeste de México, en los estados de Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit y Jalisco, por encima de los 1,000 m de altitud), Sierra Madre Oriental (este de México, en los estados de San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Coahuila, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Veracruz, Puebla y Querétaro, por encima de los 1,500 m de altitud), Eje Volcánico Transmexicano (centro de México, en los estados de Guanajuato, México, Distrito Federal, Jalisco, Michoacán, Puebla, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala y Veracruz), Depresión del Balsas (centro de México, en los estados de Guerrero, México, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca y Puebla, por debajo de los 2,000 m de altitud), Sierra Madre del Sur (sur centro de México, desde el sur de Michoacán hasta Guerrero y Oaxaca, y parte de Puebla, por encima de los 1,000 m de altitud), Golfo de México (costa del Golfo de México, en el este de México, Belice y norte de Guatemala), Costa Pacífica Mexicana (oeste de México, en la costa Pacífica de los estados de Sinaloa, Nayarit, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas), Península de Yucatán (península de Yucatán, en los estados de Campeche, Yucatán y Quintana Roo, por debajo de los 200 m de altitud) y Chiapas (sur de México, Guatemala y Nicaragua, básicamente corresponde a la Sierra Madre de Chiapas, desde los 500 a los 2,000 m de altitud)

The cult of St Nicholas in medieval Italy

St Nicholas was one of the most popular saints in medieval Italy. His cult attracted the attention of popes, kings and emperors, and his shrine at Bari became an important international pilgrimage destination. This thesis asks how the cult of St Nicholas came to be so widespread and popular in Italy, and why the saint attracted the attention of diverse groups and individuals. This thesis is structured around four chapters. The first demonstrates that through a process of Latinisation the cult of St Nicholas became integrated within Italian literary traditions and within a new spiritual era. Chapter Two reveals that this Latinisation also occurred within the saint’s iconography. Chapters Three and Four are case studies of the cult in Puglia and Venice, locations which claimed possession of the saint’s relics. These case studies show that the general developments that the cult of St Nicholas underwent in Italy, identified in Chapters One and Two, did not apply universally. Instead, the presence of the saint’s relics resulted in a different profile of the saint in Bari and Venice. Through the process of Latinisation, the cult of St Nicholas became updated and remained relevant for its new Italian audience; Chapters Three and Four show alternative ways that the cult of St Nicholas gained widespread popularity. This thesis presents for the first time an iconographical study of St Nicholas in Italian art, which develops existing research of the saint’s Byzantine iconography. Chapter Four presents a profile of the cult of St Nicholas in Venice in the Middle Ages, which is a significant oversight in the literature. The thesis uses a variety of visual and textual sources, in particular fresco and altarpiece representations, archival documents from Venice and Rome (including the Apostolic Visitations), and under-exploited contemporary and antiquarian Venetian sources

Relatedness and Population Differentiation in a Colonial Butterfly, Eucheira socialis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Eucheira socialis (Westwood) occurs above 1,800 m in mountains throughout Mexico and has a remarkable suite of autapomorphies, including communal larval nests and a mean primary sex ratio of 70% males. We gathered allozyme data for 31 loci from individuals within nests within populations and used hierarchical F statistics to assess population structure and relatedness at these levels. Allozyme variation was far lower than reported in most Lepidoptera, and was absent from the populations sampled from southern Mexico. Among 5 sample sites distributed throughout Mexico, differentiation was high (FST = 0.54), which is consistent with a history of interrupted gene flow. At lower hierarchical levels in the variable populations, we found significant excess heterozygotes within nests (FIN = −0.15) and evidence for structuring within subpopulations (FIS =0.015, significantly greater than FIN). Average relatedness among nestmates was rNS = 0.28, which is significantly less than r = 0.5. This is probably caused largely by interchange among nests on multinest trees. ADAM H. PORTE

Zunino, M. y A. Zullini. 2003. Biogeografía: La dimensión espacial de la Evolución. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México D.F. 359 p.

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